The Potato (Solanum tuberosum L., 1753) is an herbaceous plant reaching 60 to 150 cm of height (variable depending on the variety), belonging to the family of theSolanaceae.. Wound-response studies are often done on potato tuber tissue, as are electron transport experiments. Among American Jews, the practice of eating latkes (fried potato pancakes) is common during the festival of Hanukkah. Love (eds), University of Idaho Agricultural Communications, 363–81. While they are herbaceous perennials by nature, they are grown as annuals for harvesting. Millet's technique for this work incorporated paste-like pigments thickly applied over a coarsely textured canvas. The GI of potatoes can vary considerably depending on the cultivar or cultivar category (such as "red", russet, "white", or King Edward), growing conditions and storage, preparation methods (by cooking method, whether it is eaten hot or cold, whether it is mashed or cubed or consumed whole), and accompanying foods consumed (especially the addition of various high-fat or high-protein toppings). In Chile's Chiloé Archipelago, potatoes are the main ingredient of many dishes, including milcaos, chapaleles, curanto and chochoca. [115], Van Gogh's 1885 painting The Potato Eaters portrays a family eating potatoes. Invented in 1949, and marketed and sold commercially by Hasbro in 1952, Mr. Stevenson, W.R., Loria, R., Franc, G.D., and Weingartner, D.P. Average potato yields in developed economies ranges between 38 and 44 tonnes per hectare. [5][6][7] In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated. Potato tubers may be susceptible to skinning at harvest and suffer skinning damage during harvest and handling operations. [12] Cooking at high temperatures—over 170 °C (338 °F)—partly destroys these compounds. [15], The name spud for a small potato comes from the digging of soil (or a hole) prior to the planting of potatoes. Mechanical ventilation is used at various points during the process to prevent condensation and the accumulation of carbon dioxide. Solanine is found in other plants in the same family, Solanaceae, which includes such plants as deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp. [109] [39] Carotenoid compounds include provitamin A alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, which are converted to the essential nutrient, vitamin A, during digestion. The definition of Solanum Tuberosum is followed by practically usable example sentences which allow you to construct your own sentences based on it. The potato is rarely eaten raw because raw potato starch is poorly digested by humans. Plants propagated from tubers are clones of the parent, whereas those propagated from seed produce a range of different varieties. During the first phase, sprouts emerge from the seed potatoes and root growth begins. Each nutrient (every row) has the highest number highlighted to show the staple food with the greatest amount in a 100-gram raw portion. However, poisoning from cultivated potato varieties is very rare. In the third phase the tips of the stolons swell forming new tubers and the shoots continue to grow and flowers typically develop soon after. All new potato varieties are grown from seeds, also called "true potato seed", "TPS" or "botanical seed" to distinguish it from seed tubers. Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. 2003. — OregonLive.com, "Can you pass this forest ranger exam from 1925?," 16 Jan. 2018 Know your ash from alder, your atropa belladonna from solanum nigrum? Puddings made from grated potatoes (kugel, kugelis, and potato babka) are popular items of Ashkenazi, Lithuanian, and Belarusian cuisine. In the winter, roadside sellers in northern China will also sell roasted potatoes. There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide. Skin-set is the process by which the skin of the potato becomes resistant to skinning damage. Commercial harvesting is typically done with large potato harvesters, which scoop up the plant and surrounding earth. [72] Three successive plowings, with associated harrowing and rolling, are desirable before planting. Solanum tuberosum definition in English dictionary, Solanum tuberosum meaning, synonyms, see also 'solan',solum',solarium',solatium'. In the UK, potatoes form part of the traditional staple, fish and chips. What does solanum tuberosum mean? The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia[5] between 8000 and 5000 BC. The chain deposits into an area where further separation occurs. For culinary purposes, varieties are often differentiated by their waxiness: floury or mealy baking potatoes have more starch (20–22%) than waxy boiling potatoes (16–18%). There are two triploid species (with 36 chromosomes): S. chaucha and S. juzepczukii. [30] Another relative native to this region, Solanum bulbocastanum, has been used to genetically engineer the potato to resist potato blight. A traditional Canary Islands dish is Canarian wrinkly potatoes or papas arrugadas. Vada pav is a popular vegetarian fast food dish in Mumbai and other regions in the Maharashtra in India. [19] Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial amount of self-fertilizing occurs as well. There are close to 4,000 varieties of potato including common commercial varieties, each of which has specific agricultural or culinary attributes. Solanum tuberosum is native to Central and South America, but is now widely naturalized beyond its native range in extra-tropical regions and is considered a weed in many places including Australia, Indonesia, Micronesia, India, and Turkey (Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2012). [92] Like many crops, potatoes are likely to be affected by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature and precipitation, as well as interactions between these factors. [58] When a potato is baked, its contents of vitamin B6 and vitamin C decline notably, while there is little significant change in the amount of other nutrients. 'New Leaf', owned by Monsanto Company, incorporates genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, which confers resistance to the Colorado potato beetle; 'New Leaf Plus' and 'New Leaf Y', approved by US regulatory agencies during the 1990s, also include resistance to viruses. Smashed condimented potato is used in causa Limeña and papa rellena. Hancock RD, Morris WL, Ducreux LJM, Morris JA, Usman M, Verrall SR, Fuller J, Simpson R, Zhang CG, Hedley PE and MA TaylorPhysiological, biochemical and molecular responses of the potato (, In-vitro sterilization protocol for micropropagation of, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING TRAITS OF RHIZOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) AND THEIR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM, First record of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) disseminating Alternaria solani (Pleosporaceae) in potato crops in Brazil, Histopathology of Andean Potato (Solanum tuberosum Andigenum group) varieties parasitized by the false root-knot nematode, Nacobbus aberrans/Histopatologia de variedades de batata andina (Solanum tuberosum grupo Andigenum) parasitadas pelo falso nematoide das galhas, Nacobbus aberrans, Potato project to unlock potential of crop in the Rift, Diversidad genetica de papas nativas (Solanum spp.) Light exposure causes greening from chlorophyll synthesis, giving a visual clue as to which areas of the tuber may have become more toxic. Potatoes are sensitive to heavy frosts, which damage them in the ground. Timothy Johns: With bitter Herbs They Shall Eat it : Chemical ecology and the origins of human diet and medicine, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1990, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, "Potato – Definition of potato by Merriam-Webster", "Geographic distribution of wild potato species", "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping", "Using DNA, scientists hunt for the roots of the modern potato", American Association for the Advancement of Science, "DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato", "Regulation of potato tuberization by daylength and gibberellins", "Consumer acceptance of genetically modified potatoes", "A genetically modified potato, not for eating, is stirring some opposition in Europe", "Molecular description and similarity relationships among native germplasm potatoes (, "ISO accreditation a world-first for CIP genebank", "Sequencing the Potato Genome: Outline and First Results to Come from the Elucidation of the Sequence of the World's Third Most Important Food Crop", "Using DNA, Scientists Hunt For The Roots Of The Modern Potato", "Welcome to the Crop Wild Relatives Prebreeding project", "Potato and tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans: An overview of pathology and resistance breeding", "Gene RB cloned from Solanum bulbocastanum confers broad spectrum resistance to potato late blight", "Saving the Potato in its Andean Birthplace", "Potatoes for Chipping Grades and Standards | Agricultural Marketing Service", "Retrospective View of North American Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Breeding in the 20th and 21st Centuries", "Genetically Engineered Organisms Public Issues Education Project/Am I eating GE potatoes? [6] It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries. [15] In many of the chronicles detailing agriculture and plants, no distinction is made between the two. The most complex designs use vine choppers and shakers, along with a blower system to separate the potatoes from the plant. Solanum tuberosum L., 1753: Fiur da pòmm da tèra. [108] German fries and various version of Potato salad are part of German cuisine. Exposure to light, physical damage, and age increase glycoalkaloid content within the tuber. [56], In 2018, world production of potatoes was 368 million tonnes, led by China with 27% of the total (table). At harvest time, gardeners usually dig up potatoes with a long-handled, three-prong "grape" (or graip), i.e., a spading fork, or a potato hook, which is similar to the graip but with tines at a 90° angle to the handle. Definition of solanum tuberosum in the Definitions.net dictionary. Good ground preparation, harrowing, plowing, and rolling are always needed, along with a little grace from the weather and a good source of water. [74] Other potato diseases include Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, black leg, powdery mildew, powdery scab and leafroll virus. [79] Slightly older than creamer potatoes are "new potatoes", which are also prized for their taste and texture and often come from the same varieties. [24][54], According to conservative estimates, the introduction of the potato was responsible for a quarter of the growth in Old World population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900. [35] Potatoes that are good for making potato chips or potato crisps are sometimes called "chipping potatoes", which means they meet the basic requirements of similar varietal characteristics, being firm, fairly clean, and fairly well-shaped. Definition of Solanum tuberosum in the AudioEnglish.org Dictionary. New Zealand farmers have demonstrated some of the best commercial yields in the world, ranging between 60 and 80 tonnes per hectare, some reporting yields of 88 tonnes potatoes per hectare. [40] In 2010, potatoes were bioengineered specifically for these pigmentation traits. Potatoes are also used for purposes other than eating by humans, for example: Peruvian cuisine naturally contains the potato as a primary ingredient in many dishes, as around 3,000 varieties of this tuber are grown there. [110] Similarly, cooked and mashed potatoes or potato flour can be used in the Knödel or dumpling eaten with or added to meat dishes all over central and Eastern Europe, but especially in Bavaria and Luxembourg. [27] More than 99 percent of all current varieties of potatoes currently grown are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the lowlands of south-central Chile. In Northern India, alu dum and alu paratha are a favourite part of the diet; the first is a spicy curry of boiled potato, the second is a type of stuffed chapati. ), as well as the food plants eggplant and tomato. [64] Since then, breeders developing new varieties test for this, and sometimes have to discard an otherwise promising cultivar. [112] High-density potatoes are desirable in the production of dehydrated mashed potatoes, potato crisps and french fries.[112]. The United States was the most productive country, with a nationwide average yield of 44.3 tonnes per hectare (19.8 short tons per acre). [63] In a summary of several studies, the glycoalkaloid content was highest in the flowers and sprouts and lowest in the tuber flesh. [3] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by indigenous peoples of the Americas independently in multiple locations,[4] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species traced a single origin for potatoes. While this was a very low value of pesticide residue, it was the highest amongst the 50 vegetables analyzed.[77]. Glycoalkaloid poisoning may cause headaches, diarrhea, cramps, and, in severe cases, coma and death. [43] Amflora potatoes therefore produce starch consisting almost entirely of amylopectin, and are thus more useful for the starch industry. The Tattie scone is a popular Scottish dish containing potatoes. The staple was subsequently conveyed by European mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. Potato crop yields are determined by factors such as the crop breed, seed age and quality, crop management practices and the plant environment. ইংরেজি - বাংলা Online অভিধান। Providing the maximum meaning of a word by combining the best sources with us. A secondary center of genetic variability of the potato is Mexico, where important wild species that have been used extensively in modern breeding are found, such as the hexaploid Solanum demissum, as a source of resistance to the devastating late blight disease. [44] Another GM potato variety developed by BASF is 'Fortuna' which was made resistant to late blight by adding two resistance genes, blb1 and blb2, which originate from the Mexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum. The fifth phase is the maturation of the tubers: the plant canopy dies back, the tuber skins harden, and the sugars in the tubers convert to starches. H raw sorghum It is a thin pancake of rice and pulse batter rolled over spicy smashed potato and eaten with sambhar and chutney. What does solanum tuberosum mean? [25] The international Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium announced in 2009 that they had achieved a draft sequence of the potato genome. The word has an unknown origin and was originally (c. 1440) used as a term for a short knife or dagger, probably related to the Latin spad- a word root meaning "sword"; compare Spanish espada, English "spade", and spadroon. [52][53] The most widely cultivated variety, Solanum tuberosum tuberosum, is indigenous to the Chiloé Archipelago, and has been cultivated by the local indigenous people since before the Spanish conquest. GM Crop Events developed by J.R. Simplot Co. With yellow stamens the potatoes are usually cured after harvest to improve skin-set scab and leafroll virus really were to. Potato Center, based in Lima, Peru, can be an arduous task in some circumstances which no creamer. 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