In South Africa there was a complex mix of peoples - British, Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers from the 1600s) and native African peoples like the Xhosa, the Zulu and the Matabele. The colonial history of South Africa began with 9 employees of the VOC establishing themselves below the slopes of Table Mountain in 1657. They used stone tools. Brand South Africa, n.d. Territory is returned to the Dutch in 1803; ceded to the British in 1806. Ordinance 49 permitted Black labourers from east of the Keiskamma to go into the colony for work if they possessed the proper contracts and passes, which were issued by soldiers and missionaries. D’Urban’s initial attempt to rule conquered Africans with European magistrates and soldiers was overturned by Glenelg; instead, for a time, Africans east of the Keiskamma retained their autonomy and dealt with the colony through diplomatic agents. English settlers in substantial numbers first entered South African in 1820s as part of a government program to relieve poverty at home. Merino sheep were introduced, and intensive sheep farming was initiated in order to supply wool to British textile mills. However, a republican movement led by J. more than 1 year ago, © 2020 Indy Week • 320 E. Chapel Hill St., Suite 200, Durham, NC 27701 • phone 919-286-1972 • fax 919-286-4274, A short history of the Dutch in South Africa, 1652-2010. 3.When South Africa was imperialized by Great Britian most of South Africa' s resources, land, and industries were controlled by Great Britian. What if the British never kept South Africa and it remained Dutch? Susan Enneking In 1867, diamonds were found in the town of Kimberley. The Dutch colonised the Cape to establish a way-station on their route to the lucrative trade in India. Originally, South Africa was discovered by the Portuguese in 1488. Central among those exploits were brutal battles with the Zulus and other groups, such as an 1838 battle that killed 3,000 Zulus in a single day. Indeed, though Britain abolished its slave trade in 1807 and pressured other countries to do the same, the British in Southern Africa continued to import some slaves into the Cape after that date, but in numbers insufficient to alleviate the labour problem. They stayed for nearly one year at the Cape. Dutch ships carried goods throughout the world for virtually every European nation, Dutch merchants and bankers made Amsterdam the economic center of Europe, and the Dutch navy was a power to be reckoned with. The Cape became a vital base for Britain prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, and the Cape’s economy was meshed with that of Britain. The Suez Canal did not exist at that time so the only way to India by ship was around the Cape. Apartheid South Africa 1948-198 0 Edited primary resources on the Apartheid Era- Includes some report literature. In 1795, the Cape Colony became a British colony, before it was returned to the Dutch in 1802. Support fearless independent local journalism. Register. This trend continued with the return of the Dutch who continued to buy slaves from slave traders operating in … Then about 2,000 years ago people in the west learned to herd sheep and cattle. When Great Britain went to war with France in 1793, both countries tried to capture the Cape so as to control the important sea route to the East. The key point is there is direct historic continuity between the original Dutch settlements and the emergence of an Afrikaner national identity predicated on racial domination, and the subsequent adoption of the policies and ideologies of Apartheid. Resentment against English rule led some colonists of Dutch descent to embark on the "Great Trek" of the 1820s and 30s—a sustained effort, much larger in scale than the 18th-century trek, to achieve both white control over African land and autonomy from the English. Mar 2012 2,836 New Amsterdam ... Resources. The raid’s failure saw the end of Rhodes’ political career, but Sir Alfred Milner, British high commissioner in South Africa from 1897, was determined to overthrow Kruger’s government and establish British rule throughout the subcontinent. South Africa is rich in a variety of minerals. Native Africans were recruited to work in the mines at low pay, segregated from whites and separated from women, and subjected to body parts searches to prevent any theft of diamonds. Thompson and other historians judge slavery in the Cape in this period to be more brutal than that prevailing in North America at the time. the Dutch in South Africa vs. NE Brazil in the 1600s, Africa, 1 replies British connection in South Africa vs. in other British dominions after World War II, Africa, 0 replies British women fly to Africa to find romance, Africa, 29 replies white South Africa as Anglo-Dutch or Anglo-Afrikaner society, Africa… This is not to say that the trekkers lived luxuriously, in the style of 19th-century plantation owners in the American South—indeed, they were almost all simply eking out a subsistence existence. While European colonialism was first kicked off by Portugal, the Dutch were one of the next major powers to get into the game. 3.When South Africa was imperialized by Great Britian most of South Africa' s resources, land, and industries were controlled by Great Britian. Empires in Africa Britain's South Africa The British and Dutch in South Africa Sami, Katie, and Courtney The Industrial Revolution South Africa was an agricultural society prior to the British colonization. However, in 1795, Britain gained control of the country, and many British government officials and citizens settled there. A devastating small pox outbreak in the late 17th century further decimated the Khoikhoi ("Hottentot") native population. The Dutch settlement history in South Africa began in March 1647 with the shipwreck of the Dutch ship Nieuwe Haarlem. But the VOC did not want to spend its money on the expensive wages that European labourers demanded. Ongoing conflict between the English and the Afrikaners in the region led to the South African War (Boer War) at the end of the turn of the 20th century, which I will not detail here. The trekkers had only limited contact with Dutch colonial culture during this process. The economy of the country grew even more. When the discovery of diamonds and gold in the southern African interior in the late 19th century began transforming the country economically, the system of racial segregation was well-entrenched, and the mines were organized on the same principle. The Great Trek . Cape authorities overhauled their policy in 1828 in order to facilitate labour distribution and to align the region with the growing imperial antislavery ethos. It took South Africa centuries to really move beyond the racial legacies of colonization, but the Dutch pride is a permanent part of their heritage. The infrastructure of the colony began to change: English replaced Dutch as the language of administration; the British pound sterling replaced the Dutch rix-dollar; and newspaper publishing began in Cape Town in 1824. Finally they were rescued by a fleet of 12 ships under the command of W.G. Griqua raiding states led by Andries Waterboer, Adam Kok, and Barend Barends captured more Africans from among people such as the Hurutshe, Rolong, and Kwena. The formal abolition of slavery took place in 1834–38, and control of African labourers became stricter through the Masters and Servants Ordinance (1841), which imposed criminal penalties for breach of contract and desertion of the workplace and increased the legal powers of settler employers. Ordinance 50 briefly ended the restrictions placed on the Khoe, including removing the requirement for passes, and allowed them to choose their employers, own land, and move more freely. ... Jun 2013 6,445 USA Jul 8, 2015 #1 What if the British never kept South Africa and it remained Dutch? Menu What if the Dutch Kept South Africa? An attack by the Rharhabe-Xhosa on Graham’s Town (Grahamstown) in 1819 provided the pretext for the annexation of more African territory, to the Keiskamma River. Periodic warfare with the Xhosa was a fact of life in the late 18th century, and the trekkers believed they received inadequate support from Cape Town. The Khoi traded with the Dutch, providing cattle for fresh meat. During this first period of British rule, South-East Africa became the main source of slaves. A large group of British settlers arrived in 1820; this, together with a high European birth rate and wasteful land usage, produced an acute land shortage, which was alleviated only when the British acquired more land through massive military intervention against Africans on the eastern frontier. Second, knowing this history helps make sense of the continued inequalities and under-development that haunt sub-Saharan Africa. Citation Information The colonization of South Africa took place in the early 1800s by the British. The British occupied the Cape in 1795, ending the Dutch East India Company’s role in the region. In the South African context, English has been both a highly influential language, and a language influenced, in different ways and to different degrees, by processes of adaptation within the country's various communities. Archives South Africa GG Archives; 1820 British Settlers in South Africa Geni.com; Ships Passenger Lists Olive Tree Genealogy. false (dutch) ... the major source of wealth in africa was the continent's agricultural resources. Those laws persisted through the 20th century as South Africa became a self-governing dominion of the United Kingdom. The British had chronic difficulties procuring enough labour to build towns and develop new farms. Over a hundred thousand years ago people in what is now South Africa lived by hunting animals and gathering plants. In 1795, England took control of the colony for the first time, a move made permanent in 1806. The Khoi traded with the Dutch, providing cattle for fresh meat. The original trekkers had set out with the stated aim of preserving "proper relations between master and servant." South Africa - South Africa - Resources and power: South Africa is rich in a variety of minerals. As Thompson puts it, the aim was to "recreate the social and economic structure of the Cape colony," one based on the subordination of nonwhites as laborers for whites. Forums Login. Over much of the 18th century, there were no formal schools for these settlers, and little organized religion; contact with the home colony base consisted of long, arduous trade trips. The British attempted to force the Boers to change their way of life. European farmers also raided for labour north of the Orange River. Ad Honorem. You've helped me understand a bit more. It included Transvaal, the Orange Free State, the Cape of Good Hope, and Natal as provinces. Meanwhile, back in Cape Town, a slave society continued to develop—almost two-thirds of Cape Town residents in 1795 were slaves. In addition to diamonds and gold, the country also contains reserves of iron ore, platinum, manganese, chromium, copper, uranium, silver, beryllium, and titanium. Colony administrators and a few wealthy farmers controlled land and resources, but many other white settlers were landless. Bibliography: "SouthAfrica.info." The infrastructure of the colony began to change: English replaced Dutch as the language of administration; the British pound sterling replaced the Dutch rix-dollar; and newspaper publishing began in Cape Town in 1824. Suffice it to say that while the British succeeded in their aims of establishing unitary rule through southern Africa, they did not come close to succeeding in the stated goal of destroying Afrkaner nationalism—indeed, the war strengthened Afrikaner ethnic identity. For 150 years, the Dutch were the predominant foreign influence in South Africa. If the earth lasts long enough, I'm sure we will see that those of African decent (in fact, those of every decent) are statistically equal to those of European decent in all aspects. Anglo-Boer commandos provided another source of African labour by illegally capturing San women and children (many of the men were killed) as well as Africans from across the eastern frontier. Indeed, more recently Holland was a major center of anti-apartheid activism, beginning in the mid-1950s; some of this history is detailed here. 19th Century British Library Newspapers Contains full runs of 48 newspapers specially selected by the British Library. But unlike in the case of the American colonies and England, the Cape settlement was not a major political topic or concern for Holland over this time period. British colonial rule was often just as brutal towards native Africans as the Dutch had been, especially in military conflicts. The Afrikaners succeeded in this aim. 17 Nov. 2016. The British colonial secretary, Lord Glenelg, who disapproved of D’Urban’s policy, halted the seizure of all African land east of the Great Kei. 19th Century British Library Newspapers Contains full runs of 48 newspapers specially selected by the British Library. Until the 1840s the British vision of the colony did not include African citizens (referred to pejoratively by the British as “Kaffirs”), so, as Africans lost their land, they were expelled across the Great Fish River, the unilaterally proclaimed eastern border of the colony. This, unlike the Dutch settlement in 1652, was not permanent. In this process, the trekkers began forging a new, distinct national and cultural identity, distinct from the Dutch and in opposition both to indigenous Africans and the English—Afrikaner nationalism. 1652 - The Dutch East India Company establishes the Dutch Cape Colony. Williamson, Thad. However, if you'd asked somebody this question in the 17th century, they would have placed the Netherlands at the top of the list. In 1886, gold was false mineral. Such as Mining industry and the gold industry. However, it was not until 1652 that the Europeans founded a colon… Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Web. The history of almost all powerful nations contain major crimes and injustices (including of course the United States). The conflict and rivalry between English - and Afrikaans-speakers goes to the heart of the history of white South Africa. belgian settlers in south africa were known as boers. South African Language: ENGLISH. In South Africa under Dutch settlement, there was a shortage of labour, especially on the wheat and wine farms. A history of oppression may help to quell this attitude, but it may be the base of the problem. This empire would eventually spread around th… By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Also significant for South Africa’s subsequent history is the fact that the white colonial settlement had sharp “gradations of status and wealth,” as historian Leonard Thompson puts it. In addition to diamonds and gold, the country also contains reserves of iron ore, platinum, manganese, chromium, copper, uranium, silver, beryllium, and titanium. There is so much that we don't have because of our need to raise "rank". Sources: Leonard Thompson, A History of South Africa (Yale, 2001); Nigel Worden, The Making of Modern South Africa (Blackwell, 2007). 136,000 South African troops fought in the Middle East and on the Western Front. In 1652 the Dutch began anchoring their ships in a bay near the southern tip of Africa, halfway on their voyages to India, to replenish their supply of drinking water and meat. Why does any of this matter, as the world awaits Holland's attempt to win a World Cup for the very first time on Sunday against Spain? It was initially meant to be a small port town for ships traveling to India, but eventually became a full settlement. https://study.com/academy/lesson/british-colonies-in-africa-history-map.html Government beyond the Cape Town region was extremely limited, and the trekkers in effect made their own laws, particularly in dealing with native Africans. Instead, I want to suggest three things. The first step in this process included attacks in 1811–12 by the British army on the Xhosa groups, the Gqunukhwebe and Ndlambe. Holland's Dirk Kuyt, seen against Uruguay in the semifinal. Also, because of the war that was going on in Europe there was a lot of demand for the agricultural products of South Africa. B. M Hertzog was gathering support in South Africa. But the VOC did not want to spend its money on the expensive wages that European labourers demanded. The constitution sent to Parliament (and there approved) establishing modern South Africa in 1910 enshrined racial distinctions, and paved the way for white rule in governments predominated by Afrikaner leaders. David H. Gough *This article appears as the Introduction to the Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles. The Dutch built the Castle of Good Hope and completed it in 1679. A Short History of South Africa. Various Rharhabe-Xhosa groups were driven from their lands throughout the early 1830s. Early Dutch trading posts were attacked and destroyed by the Portuguese and so these were upgraded to full blown forts. Second, the point is not to condemn the present Dutch nation for the sins of the past, as if these were unique world historical events. South Africa - South Africa - Diamonds, gold, and imperialist intervention (1870–1902): South Africa experienced a transformation between 1870, when the diamond rush to Kimberley began, and 1902, when the South African War ended. It all started on 6 April 1652, when the Dutch seafarer Jan van Riebeeck arrived in Table Bay with his three ships. The island was named after the Dutch island of Goeree. In 1910, the autonomous Union of South Africa was established by the British. So sad that anyone in the world now or 300 years ago placed value on the color of a person's skin. Dutch Exploration and ColonizationOverviewIn the sixteenth century the United Provinces of the Netherlands rose from the status of a Spanish possession to a great European power. Although the British relinquished the colony to the Dutch in the Treaty of Amiens (1802), they reannexed it in 1806 after the start of the Napoleonic Wars. The Dutch in South Africa, to 1774. These events were probably almost entirely unknown to leaders in Holland in the late 18th century, let alone the average Dutch person—although they were in many ways a predictable consequence of both the colonial impulse and the European ideologies of racism then prevailing. A chronology of key events in the history of South Africa from 4th-century migrations to the present day. de Jong. They counterattacked in December 1834, and Governor Benjamin D’Urban ordered a major invasion the following year, during which thousands of Rharhabe-Xhosa died. Academic historians commonly refer to the events of the 17th century and 18th century in South Africa as the “white invasion” or “conquest.” The first violent conflicts between the Dutch community and natives dates from 1659; over the next 50 years, the settlers took advantage of superior weaponry to gradually gain control of more land and more resources (livestock) formerly controlled or occupied by native Africans. Third, placing this history front and center reminds those of us in the developed world, especially those of us of European descent, of both our historic linkages to colonial oppression and our ongoing collective responsibility—here and now— to address the devastating legacies of that oppression. Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British South Africa Exploration Company expedition that first established that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North-Eastern Rhodesia . 1795 - The British occupy the Cape Colony after the Battle of Muizenberg. We can't do this without you. Indeed, it is estimated that by 1793, the colony as a whole (including trekkers) totaled just 15,000 whites. British colonial rule was often just as brutal towards native Africans as the Dutch had been, especially in military conflicts. The original European settlers in 1652 spoke Dutch, which eventually evolved into Afrikaans, but in 1822 the British gained control and proclaimed English as the language of the schools, churches and government. 1850-1890 Passengers arriving in South African Ports- by the The Genealogical Society of South Africa This was the strata from which the first “trekkers” emerged—those white colonialists who over the course of the 18th century branched out from the Cape Town base and began expanding white presence in southern Africa, to the north and the east. Most Europeans still regarded the settlement as a pit stop. These changes were not well-received by the Dutch-speaking colonists, who were also disappointed at Britain's refusal to annex more land and what they felt was a low rate of compensation paid to former slave owners. Let me specify two ways I don't think it matters. 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